Coase me to be the evolution of the way economists

 I became the way the evolution of economists
Coase (Ronald H. Coase)
invited by Professor Bo Liete series of lectures in this speech, I read the previous content of the speech of each chapter, only to find lectures entitled and the rough state, to the more complex and sophisticated direction, this change is driven by a thought process, and gradually improve the analysis capability.
Wheeling (Lars Werin) in the Nobel Prize award ceremony, on behalf of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences introduced me, he mentioned that in 1937 I published a paper called . After that he had mentioned that I The principle that all of the issues. I personally believe that his presentation by talking about the final outcome is quite correct, but if because of his presentation and thought I was a relatively simple theory from the beginning, then gradually add in a planned manner bricks have been accumulated to establish the necessary institutional structure theory of information Juyi available before it was stopped, then it is a misunderstanding of the development process of my personal thoughts.
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not a matter of fact, I have until recently In recent years, have a clear goal. I have always been at the arrival, only to learn where their own. In each stage, the formation of my personal thoughts, are not in accordance with the prior grand Wineur come. But In the end, I found myself put together the collection of bricks, although far from a complete theory, but as mentioned in Willingboro, is a complete basis of the theory.
personally believe that the development of their own thoughts, it seems close to the biological evolution, from a variety of episodic events that changed. As for how these changes occur, will be the subject of the lecture field. I think this is organized, able to evoke the host of this series will teach Bolie The main purpose of lectures, so that we understand undoubtedly affected by the spirit of the times. Woolf (Virginia Woolf) said: ; If, indeed this date marked a turning point in mankind, then the individual methods in economics and senior scholars will be different, it is not surprising.
all of you may have guessed, I was Born in December 1910. More precisely, is at 15:25 on December 19, the location is suburban London Willesden (Willsden). I was the only son, my father as a telegraph operator at the post office, my mother worked at the same place before marriage. Although both parents that dropped out of school after the age of twelve, but highly educated, but they learned nothing of academic work, while not interested. My personal inclination has always been in academic research ; but in my growing up, felt pity on the scholar's career knows, no one is reading the guidance, thus unable to distinguish between rigorous academics and flamboyant warlock. However, there are two things I have learned a lot from the parent Department. The First, although they can not and I share the sense of fun, but always supported me to be his want to do. In addition, my mother taught me to be honest and sincere. Knight said: on is the moral principle. criticize others, I always try to understand their position, to avoid misunderstanding. For the results of doing nothing, has no interest in personal.
young when I had to wear iron shoes for walking Tuiji, so I went to school with disabilities. The school also in charge of management of another mental disorder for schools, so I suspect some of the courses between the two schools are interlinked. I learned in school no recollection, only I remember a while have learned to weave baskets, but unfortunately this door I Xueyibujing useful skills.
Yincuoyangcha Readings Business
local children usually attend school entrance exam at age eleven, but probably because I read cause of disability in schools, so missed the exam. for the parents, I was able to twelve years old, take the exam, and get Kilburn School (Kilburn Grammar School) of the scholarship. school teachers excellent, I also accepted the formal curriculum of education .1927 solid years, I passed the university entrance exam in advance, in which the two subjects of history and excellent chemistry. I spent two years in high school, the University of London Intermediate Examination preparation. This During the course, the equivalent of the freshman year to attend courses, so I have decided to major in departments. At that time, my first choice is history, but then I found that to obtain this degree, must be proficient in Latin ; because I was late on a school year, students have the same age a year studying Latin, I was assigned to the science group. So I had to go to another outstanding subjects, majoring in chemistry. But I realize they do not like math, which in turn is the basis of all science degrees, so I changed majors again subject only to commercial, which was the only remaining Kilburn school choice. remember this episode a life, I The reason attributed to his dislike of Mathematics, Department because only learn the process of mathematical formulas and operations, but not understanding the meaning of them. If I read the field a little earlier Epson (Silvanus Thompson) of the study the expression of a clear explanation of the significance of secondary school mathematics curriculum mm or to do the same teachings, then I will likely continue to pursue science degrees. However, fortunately not the case, otherwise I can only be big generous a mediocre mathematician, absolutely can not become a first-class scientists. I began to prepare Intermediate Bachelor of Business, University of London Examinations (except Kilburn Accounting School does not teach correspondence must be through self-study). Although I am subject to these Business have only superficial knowledge, I passed the exam. to the age of eighteen in 1929, I went to London School of Economics and Business Administration courses .1930 continue on, I passed the first part of the final exam. As for the second part of the program, I decided to take industrial group, said to be the factory manager training courses, but college courses on their own rhetoric is not to believe everything. I do not understand in these circumstances, made the important decision to change the destiny of life.
into the London School of Economics in 1930 Plant
employed as the London School of Economics professor of business (especially business administration), before the University of Cape Town in South Africa (University ofCape Town) held a similar position. I Elective industry group that year, who just took over this group, Kaplan 1931, in the industrial group of about five months before the end of the course, I attended the Plant sponsored seminar course, brought me great inspiration. He guided I know Adam. Smith's I understand that producers compete with each other, the results provide the consumer products most in need. He further said, the whole economy through the price system to coordinate the operation. At that time I believe in socialism, I called on these ideas is new. In 1931, my Bachelor of Commerce degree through the second part of the final exam.
because I was in high school to attend the University of Kiel, first-year courses, and the provisions of the London School of Economics for three years must stay in the school to grant degrees , so I have decided to attend the third year subjects. before the second part of the course, individuals are most interested in is the industrial method, so I wanted to take advantage of this year, specializing in industrial law. If I really do will undoubtedly develop to the lawyer. However, the operation should be in the Plant, I received the University of London 1931 -1932 Jazz Tour in Kassel Scholarship (Sir Ernest Cassel TravelingScholarshiP). I have that year to Working under the guidance of the Plant, this period has also been recognized as the London School of Economics in school attendance. above is how I walked all the way to become economists, but not as basketry workers, historians, chemists, plant manager or After a lawyer. somewhere all seem to have a set number of arrangements about non-human can.
complete a Bachelor of Commerce course, I am accounting, statistics and law have a plant, why the Soviet economy can not be like a large factories to operate? me with these questions came to the United States. I visited a number of universities, but mainly for my research projects and access to businesses and factories. I and every person I met to exchange views, read about the industry Journals and the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (Federal Trade Commission) report. Study Tour in the U.S. end of the year, I organized many of the problems for the industry, is still only little knowledge of the feeling, but I believe that some have found the answer to questions. Economics home about the operation of the economy, and believe that through the price mechanism (or market) to coordinate, but ignored the use of the fact that the market still has its costs. From this point of view, the various coordination functions outside the market can not be any completely inefficient as the mm, depending on the cost and use of market cost comparison. I know, look at the issue in such a way that may affect the use of centralized planning point of view. but we also can in order to understand why the use of factors of production, sometimes by the manufacturer to coordinate through management, and sometimes co-ordination through the market by, which is the subject of great interest to me. a fair in-house or vendor to operate through the market, one should compare the costs before deciding. In fact, these are very simple and simple truth, but I took a year to figure out mm Even today, there is still a large number of economic Scholars do not know the truth (or importance).
I attend the London School of Economics and Business Administration last year, happened to run into Plant to the first year of teaching, it is a very lucky matter. and can tour the following year won the Kassel Scholarship, then why not another pile of luck. Then there are more special encounters .1932 year, I entered the job market, the year coincided with the Great Depression the worst year since the London School of Economics graduates can not find work everywhere, but I am no such problems. whole thing is this: In 1931, the jute industry giant wave that (George Bonar) donor funding In Beifoliji (William Beveridge), Sir, and other London School of Economics who's suggestion, in Dundee (Dundee) set up an economic and business schools, the main purpose is to train students who wish to put into the business world. senior executives in 1931 has recruited a good time, and lower-level personnel were decided in 1932, this is what I look for a job that year graduation. Looking back now, though I was not good experience, but for this position than most economies Institute graduates also are more suitable. I employed in October 1932 as the Dundee Junior College of Economics and Business assistant lecturer. But for the school was established in 1931, I really do not know what they have to make. The results of the just have to co-ordinate the development, and I will step by step evolution of an economic scholar.
Blair
I am responsible for all three courses starting from October. As for how I was done, he now can not imagine . The other was described as an assistant lecturer at Blackburn, when I came to Dundee, the entire head is filled with the concept of the manufacturers concerned. Fortunately, there is a course of Fowler wrote a letter to friends, describing the first class I talk about content. these materials in the future as reason mentioned winning when I had particular reference to the two books, this is one of them). I do not think 1932 will be the future of these ideas so seriously. I really like this for that course, so I give Fowler's letter described the course, then the individual expressed great satisfaction: point I am very proud, these are all conceived by one person out of me. . International Encyclopedia of Social Science Economics, not only to be able to handle real-world problems, and practices but also accurate. Most of the economists can be achieved if one of these two goals, to feel very satisfied. But the flat, I found Coase The highlight of Economics Department, is also achieved both objectives. at the outset that he was not majoring in economics, but the first to accept commercial education, so I commenced the study of economics is to understand the real world in order to happen. However, I did not remain outside of economics In the world outside .1933, QIAN Bo-lin's aroused considerable waves, and I like everyone else involved. Dundee, I was still a paper written by Ms. Luo Binxun analysis method to test Lin Qian Bo issues discussed. This paper published in 1935. As for the more concrete expression to the general attitude I should be expected by the time I study.
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cobweb theory taught in Dundee, I will be on vacation to London College, most of the time I have and Foley discuss the issue of economics, when he was an assistant lecturer at the London School of Economics. There is a problem that we are very interested in is that many economists believe that the producers decided to produce out, the assumption that the current prices and costs in the future will remain at the same level. It was to prove, if producers are to operate in this way will lead to fluctuations in price and yield (which is Kaldor's ; cobweb theory do not assume that current prices remain unchanged in the future. When the price is unusually high, they expect prices to fall; and when the ridiculously low price, they expect future prices will rise. In my communication records show, and I used in this study had thought in the development of skills, to explore how producers in other aspects of the formation of the expected mm and Foley had a similar idea. then I am deeply interested in the specific measured to economists usually only theoretical approach to the concept, which is derived by the University of Chicago Schulz table of the statistical requirements.
except the prospective study, I also commenced research on the cost of capital, explore the issue of size and firm size and industry type on the impact of high and low cost. These studies were not completed. But Foley'd completed a study of steel production, scrap and pig iron theme between the elasticity of substitution published in 1937 published years, I was hired as the University of Liverpool (University of Liverpool), assistant lecturer in banking and finance, two I almost never come into contact with the subjects. more importantly, to 1935, I appointed the London School of Economics, Economic assistant lecturer science, there are three of my main work, first Professor of exclusive theory (successor to Hicks, University of Cambridge), the second is to assist the Plant Department of Business Administration Professor, three served as utility classes in economics [to succeed has traveled to South Africa's Batson (Batson)]. on the theory courses exclusively, for me, and no particular difficulties. we have Ms. Luo Binxun book, and I also wrote about the duopoly (duopoly) theory Article .1937 year, I published an article entitled poorly in comparison. I only prepared a number of similar cases for the Harvard Business School, and to assist teaching. specializing in accounting Edwards (Ronald Edwards) also joined the Department of Business Administration faculty, Foley, and I deal with him and Accounting Research Association ( AccountingResearch Association) of business. We have in-depth inquiry, the mathematical public accounting report, for economic research purposes and to what extent. We found that as long as the basis of these figures have been fully aware of the user, they can as an economic research use; we do publish a book about the British steel industry study, using data that is released from the company's balance sheet. I have in the articles that have been reprinted several times with reference to; I think mainly because in the 1930s, it was the only opportunity cost of a systematic introduction to the concept of the text, and this is what I teach at the London School of Economics content.
Utilities
my main areas of research, or teach my course-related utilities. I soon discovered, was the understanding of British public utilities close to zero, so I am running water, gas, electric power industry, especially the Post and broadcasting a series of historical research. There is also a book worth .1934, when I was in Dundee, I wrote my lectures in 1932 a systematic statement. I went to London School of Economics, after some changes were made to this draft, contributor to the the article did not attract attention. I remember, periodicals of the day, at lunch on the road, two business department professors told me congratulations, but then did not repeat his article. Head Robbins has never been not mentioned. Obviously, this article is not the immediate success of .1939 in September, the British formally declared war. Earlier, I talked about the work and research, are of 1932 to 1939 years before the war phase of .1940, I was appointed as Forestry Commission (Forestry Commissionmm responsible for matters relating to timber production in the UK at that time) The Commissioner; 1941, and then transferred under the War Cabinet Office (Offices of the War Cabinet) Central Statistics Office (Central Statistical Office), negative Gai?? the original price and there is no gap between the marginal cost. Wilson pointed out that such a policy will lead to state-owned enterprises, instead of private industry, and replace operations to focus on decentralized operations. In fact, economists have only committed to the right marginal control, completely ignored their possible side effects of the policy (when the marginal cost pricing is the mainstream academic economists view). I think these people simply made less sense, I had left the way they deal with the problem as economics history of the British public utilities research .1950 year, I published I made this decision partly because of the British socialist lack of confidence in the future; the other hand, I like living in America (in 1948 I spent some time in the United States to study the operation of commercial broadcasting system ), plus individual scholars on the U.S. economy is admired. In the older generation of economists, I am most respected Knight, and scholars of my peers, you are Shidigele, I have just mentioned Shu hereby influence on me. to the United States, I taught the first school is the University of Buffalo (University of Buffalo), the school of public utilities expert Arizona (John Sumner) had visited London School of Economics before the war, so recommended by him to teach me to .1958 this year, I transferred to the University of Virginia coach; to 1964, I was employed as a professor at the University of Chicago.
arrived in the U.S., based on their own has been exposed to the UK, Canada and the United States the broadcasting industry, and decided on the broadcast-depth study of economics, basically, this is also continuing my studies in London School of Economics, I also collected a considerable amount of relevant information. from the 1958 to 1959 full year, I Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University, Centre for Advanced Studies (Center for Advanced Study In the Behavioral Sciences at Standford) spent during that period, I wrote an article entitled article, published in The Committee for the allocation of radio frequency band operation. I suggest that should sell the right to use the frequency. This approach to the allocation of resources through the price means to economic scholars, the subject is by no means nothing new [in fact this practice has been by the Trade Sale (Leo Herzel) recommended for the allocation of radio frequency bands]. But in my article is rather special, but also the additional nature of this right. radio frequency band used on the main issues are the same or adjacent frequency interference between the transmitted signal. I contend that, if given a clear definition of the right to use, but also can be transferred, the original does not matter what the rights mm because through the transfer and will be able to achieve the best combination of results. So, I wrote: Economists question. They even think that I should delete that part of the text above. However, I still stick to their point of view, and later in the article was published, once at home in Dairuikete party, I persuaded the University of Chicago economists, so they accepted me right point of view. They then invited me to write these ideas, published in Journal If the economics (in particular this part of industrial organization) to further development should strengthen the papers published in this area, but was difficult for those papers accepted by orthodox economics journal. I of this article of the Federal Communications Commission is one example. However, I would like to go beyond the content of this article with a more general approach to the property rights system (Property rights systems) principle. in the Kidman (Sturgesv.Bridgman) case, but I also want in-depth review of other cases too much trouble (as I am studying at the London School of Economics to the experience, I am no stranger to the legal case). Meanwhile, a long time (also from Since student days) I always have an idea, though Pigou's Communications Commission I understand the methods of analysis Pigou strong influence in economics, so I started a direct analysis method of Pigou. Meanwhile, I also wish to discuss the transaction costs greater than zero impact on the analysis of this issue Once released, immediately welcomed by all attention. all in favor of or against the article came out one after another, so that the text called the economics literature the most widely discussed article in one. This article covers I have long thought, but has not Zhi Bixie the point of view. said to have happened, but for those of Chicago economist on the the depths of my mind.
transaction costs greater than zero
This article is written by the summer of 1960 to write and place of my contact with law reports the year the London School of Economics. to find in the article argued that in view of the so-called Pigou the experts) can not develop an appropriate method of analysis. In the transaction cost is zero (which is implicit in his analysis assumed) case, Pigou's policy proposal is not necessary, because in this case, through consultations over the two sides can produce optimal results. However, the actual transaction costs can not be zero, if the true state of the world to explore, we must assume that transaction costs are greater than zero. If such be the case, unless we clearly understand transaction costs and the actual state of the case, otherwise no idea what was the most appropriate policy recommendations. The relevant information can be achieved only through empirical research.
therefore I am research methods, rather than providing answers. As I said in the article: hh I am convinced that economists and policymakers often overestimate the government control the possible benefits. even though I confirmed this view, it is only displayed the Government's control should be further restrained, or can not be pointed out that the boundaries should be drawn in any Department. I always thought that we should deal with the problem in different ways to the actual results produced for detailed exploration, we know where the boundaries. University of Chicago received a letter of appointment. attracts the reason I went to school, some that I want to responsible for the I hope to continue this work, so we are pleased to come to Chicago office. I really like the editing, by virtue of the University of Chicago Law School Research Program in Law and Economics of resources, coupled with the provision of articles published in journals the opportunity, I was able to encourage economic scholars and legal scholars of articles are worthy of attention. In the seventies and eighties, the papers of similar nature have begun to appear in other academic journals, many of which have cited the Now it is the individual on the institutional structure of production was compiled and published on time, so I was published in 1988, aspects of re-printing of the main papers, including an article on individual articles in the central idea.
another evolution of personal thoughts occurred in 1987, when Williamson (Oliver Williamson) and Winters (Sidney Winters) Yale held a symposium in celebration of